设计模式-模板方法 2022-03-06

模板方法模式(Template Method Pattern)是一种行为型设计模式，它在超类中定义了一个算法的框架，允许子类在不修改结构的情况下重写算法的特定步骤。

解释

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模板方法模式建议将算法分解为一系列步骤，然后将这些步骤改写为方法，最后在”模板方法”中依次调用这些方法。
步骤可以是抽象的，也可以有一些默认的实现。为了能够使用算法，客户端需要自行提供子类并实现所有的抽象步骤。如有必要还需重写一些步骤。

模板方法模式 UML

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适用场景

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1. 当你只希望客户端扩展某个特定算法步骤，而不是整个算法或其结构时，可使用模板方法模式
2. 当多个类的算法除一些细微不同之外几乎完全一样时，你可使用该模式。但其后果就是，只要算法发生变化，你就可能需要修改所有的类

代码示例

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using System;
namespace TemplateMethodPatternDemo 
{
    // The Abstract Class defines a template method that contains a skeleton of
    // some algorithm, composed of calls to (usually) abstract primitive
    // operations.
    //
    // Concrete subclasses should implement these operations, but leave the
    // template method itself intact.
    abstract class AbstractClass
    {
        // The template method defines the skeleton of an algorithm.
        public void TemplateMethod()
        {
            this.BaseOperation1();
            this.RequiredOperations1();
            this.BaseOperation2();
            this.Hook1();
            this.RequiredOperation2();
            this.BaseOperation3();
            this.Hook2();
        }

        // These operations already have implementations.
        protected void BaseOperation1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work");
        }

        protected void BaseOperation2()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations");
        }

        protected void BaseOperation3()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway");
        }
        
        // These operations have to be implemented in subclasses.
        protected abstract void RequiredOperations1();

        protected abstract void RequiredOperation2();
        
        // These are "hooks." Subclasses may override them, but it's not
        // mandatory since the hooks already have default (but empty)
        // implementation. Hooks provide additional extension points in some
        // crucial places of the algorithm.
        protected virtual void Hook1() { }

        protected virtual void Hook2() { }
    }

    // Concrete classes have to implement all abstract operations of the base
    // class. They can also override some operations with a default
    // implementation.
    class ConcreteClass1 : AbstractClass
    {
        protected override void RequiredOperations1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation1");
        }

        protected override void RequiredOperation2()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation2");
        }
    }

    // Usually, concrete classes override only a fraction of base class'
    // operations.
    class ConcreteClass2 : AbstractClass
    {
        protected override void RequiredOperations1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation1");
        }

        protected override void RequiredOperation2()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation2");
        }

        protected override void Hook1()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("ConcreteClass2 says: Overridden Hook1");
        }
    }

    class Client
    {
        // The client code calls the template method to execute the algorithm.
        // Client code does not have to know the concrete class of an object it
        // works with, as long as it works with objects through the interface of
        // their base class.
        public static void ClientCode(AbstractClass abstractClass)
        {
            // ...
            abstractClass.TemplateMethod();
            // ...
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Same client code can work with different subclasses:");

            Client.ClientCode(new ConcreteClass1());

            Console.Write("\n");
            
            Console.WriteLine("Same client code can work with different subclasses:");
            Client.ClientCode(new ConcreteClass2());
            // output

            // Same client code can work with different subclasses:
            // AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work
            // ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation1
            // AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations
            // ConcreteClass1 says: Implemented Operation2
            // AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway

            // Same client code can work with different subclasses:
            // AbstractClass says: I am doing the bulk of the work
            // ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation1
            // AbstractClass says: But I let subclasses override some operations
            // ConcreteClass2 says: Overridden Hook1
            // ConcreteClass2 says: Implemented Operation2
            // AbstractClass says: But I am doing the bulk of the work anyway
        }
    }
}